1 Brown JS, Tooke SK. On the seclusion of psychiatric patients. Soc Sci Med. 1982;1992;35(5):711–21.
2 Lew D. Mesures physiques limitant la liberté de mouvement. Comité d’éthique des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (2011).
3 Bergk J, Flammer E, Steinert T. “Coercion Experience Scale” (CES) – validation of a questionnaire on coercive measures. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10(1):5.
4 Code Civil Suisse. Nouveau droit de protection de l’adulte et de l’enfant. Art. 360 ss., Art. 383 ss. et 426 ss. (1e Janvier 2013).
5 Code de santé publique, France, Pub. L. No. 2013-869, Art. L3212-1 (27 Sept. 2013).
6 Hellerstein DJ, Staub AB, Lequesne E. Decreasing the use of restraint and seclusion among psychiatric inpatients. J Psychiatr Pract. 2007;13(5):308–17.
7 Dressing H, Salize HJ. Compulsory admission of mentally ill patients in European Union Member States. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39(10):797–03.
8 ASSM. Mesures de contrainte en médecine; directives médico-éthiques. Académie Suisse des Sciences Médicales (2015).
9 Husum TL, Bjorngaard JH, Finset A, Ruud T. A cross-sectional prospective study of seclusion, restraint and involuntary medication in acute psychiatric wards: patient, staff and ward characteristics. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:89.
10 Bovet P. Mesures de contention dans les hôpitaux psychiatriques du Canton de Vaud (12 Oct. 2009).
11 Klein G, König D. Mesures de contrainte à l’hôpital psychiatrique, perspective clinique. Swiss Medical Forum. 2016;16(6):137–41.
12 Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse, RS 101, Art. 10 (18 avril 1999).
13 Keski-Valkama A, Sailas E, Eronen M, Koivisto A.-M. M., Lonnqvist J, Kaltiala-Heino R, et al. A 15-year national follow-up: Legislation is not enough to reduce the use of seclusion and restraint. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(9):747–52.
14 Keski-Valkama A, Sailas E, Eronen M, Koivisto A.-M. M, Lönnqvist J, Kaltiala-Heino R, et al. Who are the restrained and secluded patients: A 15-year nationwide study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2010;45(11):1087–93.
15 Prinsen EJD, van Delden JJM. Can we justify eliminating coercive measures in psychiatry? J Med Ethics. 2009;35(1):69–73.
16 Sprumont D, Borghi M, Guillod O, Aebi-Muller R. ASSM clarification juridique. Bulletin Des Médecins Suisses. 2016;97(23):845–7.
17 Luciano M, Sampogna G, Del Vecchio V, Pingani L, Palumbo C, De Rosa C, et al. Use of coercive measures in mental health practice and its impact on outcome: a critical review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2014;14(2):131–41.
18 Mason T. Seclusion and learning disabilities: research and deduction. The British Journal of Development Disabilities. 1996;42(83):
149–59.
19 Trauer T, Hamilton B, Rogers C, Castle D. Evaluation of the effect of a structured intervention for the management of behavioural disturbance on the level of seclusion in an acute psychiatric inpatient ward. J Psychiatr Inten Care. 2010;6(2):91–9.
20 Beghi M, Peroni F, Gabola P, Rossetti A, Cornaggi CM. Prevalence and risk factors for the use of restraint in psychiatry: a systematic review. Riv Psichiatr. 2013;48(1):10–22.
21 Cornaggia CM, Beghi M, Pavone F, Barale F. Aggression in psychiatry wards: A systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189(1):
10–20.
22 Ulla S, Maritta V, Riittakerttu K-H. The use of coercive measures in adolescent psychiatric inpatient treatment: a nation-wide register study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47(9):1401–8.
23 Dudouit P, Bardet Blochet A, Rey-Bellet P. Diminuer le recours à la chambre d’isolement. Santé Mentale. 2011;160:15–9.
24 Palazzolo J. About the use of seclusion in psychiatry: the patients’ point of view. L’Encephale. 2004;30(3):276–84.
25 Happell B, Harrow A. Nurses’ attitudes to the use of seclusion: a review of the literature. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2010;19(3):162–8.
26 Van Der Merwe M, Muir-Cochrane E, Jones J, Tziggili M, Bowers L. Improving seclusion practice: Implications of a review of staff and patient views. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2013;20(3):203–15.
27 Bardet Blochet A. Les chambres fermées en psychiatrie: Poursuivre le débat pour dépasser les conflits. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 2009;160(1):4–11.
28 Muralidharan S, Fenton M. Containment strategies for people with serious mental illness (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD002084.
29 Sailas E, Fenton M. Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illnesses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001163.
30 Hankin CS, Bronstone A, Koran LM. Agitation in the Inpatient Psychiatric Setting. J Psychiatr Pract. 2011;17(3):170–85.
31 Frueh BC, Knapp RG, Cusack KJ, Grubaugh AL, Sauvageot JA, Cousins VC, et al. Patients’ reports of traumatic or harmful experiences within the psychiatric setting. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 2005;56(9):1123–33.
32 Weiss EM. Hartford Courant reporters and researchers. Deadly restraint: a Hartford Courant investigative report. Hartford Courant, 1998 October:11–5.
33 Busch AB, Shore MF. Seclusion and restraint: a review of recent literature. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2000;8(5):261–70.
34 O’Halloran RL. Reenactment of circumstances in deaths related to restraint. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2004;25(3):190–3.
35 Mohr WK, Petti TA, Mohr BD. Adverse effects associated with physical restraint. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 2003;48(5):330–7.
36 Sacks MH, Carpenter WT. The pseudotherapeutic community: an examination of antitherapeutics forces of psychiatric units. Hospital et Community Psychiatry. 1974;25(5):315–8.
37 Steinert T, Martin V, Baur M, Bohnet U, Goebel R, Hermelink G, et al. Diagnosis-related frequency of compulsory measures in 10 German psychiatric hospitals and correlates with hospital characteristics. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(2):
140–5.
38 Wadeson H, Carpenter WT. Impact of the seclusion room experience. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1976;163(5):318–28.
39 Parker K, Miles SH. Deaths caused by bedrails. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45(7):797–02.
40 Palazzolo J. About the use of restraints in psychiatry: the patient’s point of view. L’Encephale. 2002;28(5 Pt 1):454–60.
41 Robinson BE. Death by destruction of will. Lest we forget. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(20):2250–1.
42 Mielau J, Altunbay J, Gallinat J, Heinz A, Bermpohl F, Lehmann A, et al. Subjective experience of coercion in psychiatric care: a study comparing the attitudes of patients and healthy volunteers towards coercive methods and their justification. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;266(4):337–47.
43 Georgieva I, Mulder CL, Whittington R. Evaluation of behavioral changes and subjective distress after exposure to coercive inpatient interventions. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:54.
44 Lidz CW, Mulvey EP, Hoge SK, Kirsch BL, Monahan J, Eisenberg M, et al. Factual sources of psychiatric patients’ perceptions of coercion in the hospital admission process. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(9):1254–60.
45 Sheehan KA. Compulsory treatment in psychiatry. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2009;22(6):582–6.
46 Steinert T, Lepping P, Bernhardsgrutter R, Conca A, Hatling T, Janssen W, et al. Incidence of seclusion and restraint in psychiatric hospitals: a literature review and survey of international trends. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2010;45(9):889–97.
47 Martin V, Bernhardsgrutter R, Goebel R, Steinert T. The use of mechanical restraint and seclusion in patients with schizophrenia: a comparison of the practice in Germany and Switzerland. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP et EMH, 2007;3:1.
48 Noda T, Sugiyama N, Sato M, Ito H, Sailas E, Putkonen H, et al. Influence of patient characteristics on duration of seclusion/restrain in acute psychiatric settings in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;67(6):405–11.
49 Rey-Bellet P, Bardet A, Ferrero F. Hospitalisations non volontaires à Genève: la liberté sous contrainte? Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 2010;161(3):90–5.
50 Huber CG, Schneeberger AR, Kowalinski E, Froehlich D, von Felten S, Walter M, et al. Suicide risk and absconding in psychiatric hospitals with and without open door policies: a 15-year, observational study. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(9):842–9.
51 Guivarch J, Cano N. Usage de la contention en psychiatrie: Vécu soignant et perspectives éthiques. Encephale. 2013;39(4):237–43.
52 Mason T. Seclusion: Definitional interpretations. J Forensic Psychiatry. 1992;3(2):261–70.
53 Wynn R. Staff’s attitudes to the use of restraint and seclusion in a Norwegian university psychiatric hospital. Nord J Psychiatry. 2003;57(6):453–9.
54 Fisher WA. Restraint and seclusion: a review of the literature. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(11):1584–91.
55 Bergk J, Einsiedler B, Flammer E, Steinert T. A randomized controlled comparison of seclusion and mechanical restraint in inpatient settings. Psychiatric Services. 2011;62(11):1310–7.
56 Boumans CE, Egger JIM, Souren PM, Hutschemaekers GJM. Reduction in the use of seclusion by the methodical work approach. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2014;23(2):161–70.
57 Bowers L, James K, Quirk A, Simpson A, Stewart D, Hodsoll J. Reducing conflict and containment rates on acute psychiatric wards: The Safewards cluster randomised controlled trial.
Int J Nurs Studies. 2015;52(9):1412–22.
58 Putkonen A, Kuivalainen S, Louheranta O, Repo-Tiihonen E, Ryynänen O-P, Kautiainen H, Jari Tiihonen B. Cluster-randomized controlled trial of reducing seclusion and restraint in secured care of men with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2013;64(9):850–5.
59 Rugkasa J. Effectiveness of Community Treatment Orders: The International Evidence. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry-Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2016;61(1):15–24.
60 Maughan D, Molodynski A, Rugkasa J, Burns T. A systematic review of the effect of community treatment orders on service use. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(4):651–63.
61 Allen MH, Carpenter D, Sheets JL, Miccio S, Ross R. What do consumers say that they want and need during a psychiatric emergency? J Psychiatr Pract. 2003;9(1):39–58.
62 Haute Autorité de Santé. Autisme – Questions / Réponses HAS – ANESM (08 mars 2012):1–5.
63 Gaynes BN, Brown CL, Lux LJ, Brownley KA, Van Dorn RA, Edlund MJ, et al. Preventing and De-escalating Aggressive Behavior Among Adult Psychiatric Patients: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 2017;68(8):819–31.
64 Khazaal Y, Chatton A, Pasandin N, Zullino D, Preisig M. Advance directives based on cognitive therapy: A way to overcome coercion related problems. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;74(1):35–8.
65 Bartolomei J, Blochet AB, Ortiz N, Etter M, Etter JF, Rey-Bellet P. Le plan de crise conjoint: Familles, patients et soignants ensemble face à la crise. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 2012;163(2):58–64.
66 Amering M. Trialog—an exercise in communication between consumers, carers and professional mental health workers beyond role stereotypes. Int J Integr Care. 2010;10(Suppl):e014.
67 Molodynski A, Turnpenny L, Rugkåsa J, Burns T, Moussaoui D, Burns J, et al. Coercion and compulsion in mental healthcare – An international perspective. Asian J Psychiatr. 2014;8(1):2–6.
68 Steinert T, Noorthoorn EO, Mulder CL. The Use of Coercive Interventions in Mental Health Care in Germany and the Netherlands. A Comparison of the Developments in Two Neighboring Countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 2014;2(September):1–10.
69 Mill JS. On Liberty. 1st ed. 1859; Dover: Dover Publications; 2002.
70 Olsen DP. Influence and coercion: relational and rights-based ethical approaches to forced psychiatric treatment. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2003;10(6):705–12.
71 Gravier Eytan A. Enjeux éthiques de la psychiatrie sous contrainte. Rev Med Suisse. 2011;(7):1806–11.
72 Hurst S. What “empirical turn in bioethics”? Bioethics. 2010;24(8):439–44.