1LaFranceWC, Jr. Treating patients with functional symptoms:
one size does not fit all. J Psychosom Res. 2007;63(6):633–5. doi:.
2MoeneFC, SpinhovenP, HoogduinKA, van DyckR. A randomized controlled clinical trial of a hypnosis-based treatment for patients with conversion disorder, motor type. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2003;51(1):29–50. doi:.
3StoneJ, WojcikW, DurranceD, CarsonA, LewisS, MacKenzieL,
et al.What should we say to patients with symptoms unexplained by disease? The “number needed to offend”. BMJ. 2002;325(7378):
1449–50. doi:.
4CarsonAJ, BrownR, DavidAS, DuncanR, EdwardsMJ, GoldsteinLH, et al.; UK-FNS. Functional (conversion) neurological symptoms: research since the millennium. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(8):842–50. doi:.
5American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
6 ICD 11 Beta Draft, http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11.
7StoneJ, LaFranceWC, Jr, BrownR, SpiegelD, LevensonJL, SharpeM. Conversion disorder: current problems and potential solutions for DSM-5. J Psychosom Res. 2011;71(6):369–76. doi:.
8LehnA, GelauffJ, HoeritzauerI, LudwigL, McWhirterL, WilliamsS, et al.Functional neurological disorders: mechanisms and treatment. J Neurol. 2016;263(3):611–20. doi:.
9ErroR, BrigoF, TrinkaE, TurriG, EdwardsMJ, TinazziM. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and movement disorders:
A comparative review. Neurol Clin Pract. 2016;6(2):138–49. doi:.
10PaolaLD, MarchettiRL, TeiveHA, LaFranceWC, Jr. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and psychogenic movement disorders:
two sides of the same coin?Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014;72(10):
793–802.
11HoppJL, AndersonKE, KrumholzA, Gruber-BaldiniAL, ShulmanLM. Psychogenic seizures and psychogenic movement disorders: are they the same patients?Epilepsy Behav. 2012;25(4):666–9. doi:.
12DaumC, GheorghitaF, SpatolaM, StojanovaV, MedlinF, VingerhoetsF, et al.Interobserver agreement and validity of bedside ‘positive signs’ for functional weakness, sensory and gait disorders in conversion disorder: a pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(4):425–30.
doi:.
13StoneJ, WarlowC, SharpeM. The symptom of functional weakness: a controlled study of 107 patients. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 5):1537–51. doi:.
14StoneJ, CarsonA, DuncanR, RobertsR, WarlowC, HibberdC, et al.Who is referred to neurology clinics?--the diagnoses made in
3781 new patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112(9):747–51. doi:.
15AndersonKE, Gruber-BaldiniAL, VaughanCG, ReichSG, FishmanPS, WeinerWJ, et al.Impact of psychogenic movement disorders versus Parkinson’s on disability, quality of life, and psychopathology. Mov Disord. 2007;22(15):2204–9. doi:.
16EdwardsMJ, BhatiaKP. Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: merging mind and brain. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(3):
250–60. doi:.
17VuilleumierP. Hysterical conversion and brain function.
Prog Brain Res. 2005;150:309–29. doi:.
18CojanY, VuilleumierP. Functional brain imaging of psychogenic paralysis during conversion and hypnosis. In: Hallett M, Cloninger CR, Fahn S, Halligan P, Jankovic J, Lang AE, Voon V, eds. Psychogenic movement disorders and other conversion disorders. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
19VuilleumierP. Brain circuits implicated in psychogenic paralysis in conversion disorders and hypnosis. Neurophysiol Clin. 2014;44(4):
323–37. doi:.
20VoonV. Functional neurological disorders: imaging. Neurophysiol Clin. 2014;44(4):339–42. doi:.
21AybekS, NicholsonTR, ZelayaF, O’DalyOG, CraigTJ, DavidAS, et al.Neural correlates of recall of life events in conversion disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(1):52–60. doi:.
22BrownLB, NicholsonTR, AybekS, KanaanRA, DavidAS. Neuropsychological function and memory suppression in conversion disorder. J Neuropsychol. 2014;8(2):171–85. doi:.
23RuddyR, HouseA. Psychosocial interventions for conversion disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD005331.
24StamelouM, EdwardsMJ, EspayAJ, FungVS, HallettM, LangAE, et al.Movement disorders on YouTube-caveat spectator. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(12):1160–1. doi:.
25Schönfeldt-LecuonaC, LefaucheurJP, LeppingP, LiepertJ, ConnemannBJ, SartoriusA, et al.Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Conversion (Functional) Weakness and Paralysis: A Systematic Review and Future Perspectives. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:140. doi:.
26RicciardiL, EdwardsMJ. Treatment of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2014;11(1):201–7. doi:.
27NielsenG, StoneJ, EdwardsMJ. Physiotherapy for functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2013;75(2):93–102. doi:.
28EdwardsMJ, StoneJ, NielsenG. Physiotherapists and patients with functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: a survey of attitudes and interest. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(6):655–8. doi:.
29NielsenG, StoneJ, MatthewsA, BrownM, SparkesC, FarmerR, et al.Physiotherapy for functional motor disorders: a consensus recommendation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(10):
1113–9. doi:.
30JordbruAA, SmedstadLM, KlungsøyrO, MartinsenEW.
Psychogenic gait disorder: a randomized controlled trial of physical rehabilitation with one-year follow-up. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46(2):181–7. doi:.
31MatthewsA, BrownM, StoneJ. Inpatient Physiotherapy for Functional (Psychogenic) Gait Disorder: A Case Series of 35 Patients. Mov Disord Clin Pract (Hoboken). 2016;n/a. doi:.
32NielsenG, RicciardiL, DemartiniB, HunterR, JoyceE, EdwardsMJ. Outcomes of a 5-day physiotherapy programme for functional (psychogenic) motor disorders. J Neurol. 2015;262(3):674–81. doi:.
33McCormackR, MoriartyJ, MellersJD, ShotboltP, PastenaR, LandesN, et al.Specialist inpatient treatment for severe motor conversion disorder: a retrospective comparative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(8):895–900. doi:.
34ThomasM, VuongKD, JankovicJ. Long-term prognosis of patients with psychogenic movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2006;12(6):382–7. doi:.
35CzarneckiK, ThompsonJM, SeimeR, GedaYE, DuffyJR, AhlskogJE. Functional movement disorders: successful treatment with a physical therapy rehabilitation protocol. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18(3):247–51. doi:.
36DallocchioC, ArbasinoC, KlersyC, MarchioniE. The effects of physical activity on psychogenic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2010;25(4):421–5. doi:.
37MartlewJ, PulmanJ, MarsonAG. Psychological and behavioural treatments for adults with non-epileptic attack disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2):CD006370.
38GoldsteinLH, ChalderT, ChigwedereC, KhondokerMR, MoriartyJ, TooneBK, et al.Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a pilot RCT. Neurology. 2010;74(24):1986–94. doi:.
39LaFranceWC, Jr, MillerIW, RyanCE, BlumAS, SolomonDA, KelleyJE, et al.Cognitive behavioral therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14(4):591–6. doi:.
40KompolitiK, WilsonB, StebbinsG, BernardB, HinsonV. Immediate vs. delayed treatment of psychogenic movement disorders with short term psychodynamic psychotherapy: randomized clinical trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(1):60–3. doi:.
41ConwillM, OakleyL, EvansK, CavannaAE. CBT-based group therapy intervention for nonepileptic attacks and other functional neurological symptoms: a pilot study. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;34:
68–72. doi:.
42KoelenJA, HoutveenJH, AbbassA, LuytenP, Eurelings-BontekoeEH, Van Broeckhuysen-KlothSA, et al.Effectiveness of psychotherapy for severe somatoform disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204(1):12–9. doi:.
43HoppJL, LaFranceWC, Jr. Cognitive behavioral therapy for psychogenic neurological disorders. Neurologist. 2012;18(6):364–72. doi:.
44HinsonVK, WeinsteinS, BernardB, LeurgansSE, GoetzCG. Single-blind clinical trial of psychotherapy for treatment of psychogenic movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2006;12(3):
177–80. doi:.
45BullockKD, MirzaN, ForteC, TrockelM. Group Dialectical-Behavior Therapy Skills Training for Conversion Disorder With Seizures. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;27(3):240–3. doi:.
46ChenDK, MaheshwariA, FranksR, TrolleyGC, RobinsonJS, HrachovyRA. Brief group psychoeducation for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a neurologist-initiated program in an epilepsy center. Epilepsia. 2014;55(1):156–66. doi:.
47SharpeM, WalkerJ, WilliamsC, StoneJ, CavanaghJ, MurrayG, et al.Guided self-help for functional (psychogenic) symptoms:
a randomized controlled efficacy trial. Neurology. 2011;77(6):
564–72. doi:.
48HubschmidM, AybekS, MaccaferriGE, ChocronO, GholamrezaeeMM, RossettiAO, et al.Efficacy of brief interdisciplinary psychotherapeutic intervention for motor conversion disorder and nonepileptic attacks. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2015;37(5):448–55. doi:.
49GelauffJM, DreissenYE, TijssenMA, StoneJ. Treatment of functional motor disorders. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2014;16(4):286. doi:.
50DemartiniB, BatlaA, PetrochilosP, FisherL, EdwardsMJ, JoyceE. Multidisciplinary treatment for functional neurological symptoms: a prospective study. J Neurol. 2014;261(12):2370–7. doi:.
51CottencinO. Conversion disorders: psychiatric and psychotherapeutic aspects. Neurophysiol Clin. 2014;44(4):405–10. doi:.
52AybekS, HubschmidM, MossingerC, BerneyA, VingerhoetsF. Early intervention for conversion disorder: neurologists and psychiatrists working together. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2013;25(1):52–6. doi:.
53SaifeeTA, KassavetisP, PareésI, KojovicM, FisherL, MortonL, et al.Inpatient treatment of functional motor symptoms: a long-term follow-up study. J Neurol. 2012;259(9):1958–63. doi:.
54KranickSM, GorrindoT, HallettM. Psychogenic movement disorders and motor conversion: a roadmap for collaboration between neurology and psychiatry. Psychosomatics. 2011;52(2):109–16. doi:.
55CojanY, WaberL, SchwartzS, RossierL, ForsterA, VuilleumierP. The brain under self-control: modulation of inhibitory and monitoring cortical networks during hypnotic paralysis. Neuron. 2009;62(6):862–75. doi:.
56MoeneFC, SpinhovenP, HoogduinKA, van DyckR. A randomised controlled clinical trial on the additional effect of hypnosis in a comprehensive treatment programme for in-patients with conversion disorder of the motor type. Psychother Psychosom. 2002;71(2):66–76. doi:.
57KleinstäuberM, WitthöftM, SteffanowskiA, van MarwijkH, HillerW, LambertMJ. Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(11):
CD010628.
58OtoM, EspieCA, DuncanR. An exploratory randomized controlled trial of immediate versus delayed withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic attacks (PNEAs). Epilepsia. 2010;51(10):1994–9. doi:.
59VoonV, LangAE. Antidepressant treatment outcomes of psychogenic movement disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(12):1529–34. doi:.
60LaFranceWC, Jr, KeitnerGI, PapandonatosGD, BlumAS, MachanJT, RyanCE, et al.Pilot pharmacologic randomized controlled trial for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Neurology. 2010;75(13):1166–73. doi:.
61StoneJ, HoeritzauerI, BrownK, CarsonA. Therapeutic sedation for functional (psychogenic) neurological symptoms. J Psychosom Res. 2014;76(2):165–8. doi:.
62McWhirterL, CarsonA, StoneJ. The body electric: a long view of electrical therapy for functional neurological disorders. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 4):1113–20. doi:.
63BroersmaM, KoopsEA, VroomenPC, Van der HoevenJH, AlemanA, LeendersKL, et al.Can repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increase muscle strength in functional neurological paresis? A proof-of-principle study. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(5):866–73. doi:.
64GarcinB, RozeE, MesratiF, CognatE, FournierE, VidailhetM, et al.Transcranial magnetic stimulation as an efficient treatment for psychogenic movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(9):1043–6. doi:.
65PollakTA, NicholsonTR, EdwardsMJ, DavidAS. A systematic review of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of functional (conversion) neurological symptoms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(2):191–7. doi:.
66WojteckiL, GroissS, ScherfeldD, AlbrechtP, PollokB, ElbenS, et al.Transient improvement of psychogenic (proprio-)spinal-like myoclonus to electrical nerve stimulation. Mov Disord. 2009;24(13):2024–5. doi:.
67FerraraJ, StameyW, StruttAM, AdamOR, JankovicJ. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) for psychogenic movement disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011;23(2):141–8. doi:.
1LaFranceWC, Jr. Treating patients with functional symptoms:
one size does not fit all. J Psychosom Res. 2007;63(6):633–5. doi:.
2MoeneFC, SpinhovenP, HoogduinKA, van DyckR. A randomized controlled clinical trial of a hypnosis-based treatment for patients with conversion disorder, motor type. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2003;51(1):29–50. doi:.
3StoneJ, WojcikW, DurranceD, CarsonA, LewisS, MacKenzieL, et al.What should we say to patients with symptoms unexplained by disease? The “number needed to offend”. BMJ. 2002;325(7378):1449–50. doi:.
4CarsonAJ, BrownR, DavidAS, DuncanR, EdwardsMJ, GoldsteinLH, et al.; UK-FNS. Functional (conversion) neurological symptoms: research since the millennium. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(8):842–50. doi:.
5American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
6 ICD 11 Beta Draft, http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11.
7StoneJ, LaFranceWC, Jr, BrownR, SpiegelD, LevensonJL, SharpeM. Conversion disorder: current problems and potential solutions for DSM-5. J Psychosom Res. 2011;71(6):369–76. doi:.
8LehnA, GelauffJ, HoeritzauerI, LudwigL, McWhirterL, WilliamsS, et al.Functional neurological disorders: mechanisms and treatment. J Neurol. 2016;263(3):611–20. doi:.
9ErroR, BrigoF, TrinkaE, TurriG, EdwardsMJ, TinazziM. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and movement disorders: A comparative review. Neurol Clin Pract. 2016;6(2):138–49. doi:.
10PaolaLD, MarchettiRL, TeiveHA, LaFranceWC, Jr. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and psychogenic movement disorders: two sides of the same coin?Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014;72(10):793–802.
11HoppJL, AndersonKE, KrumholzA, Gruber-BaldiniAL, ShulmanLM. Psychogenic seizures and psychogenic movement disorders: are they the same patients?Epilepsy Behav. 2012;25(4):666–9. doi:.
12DaumC, GheorghitaF, SpatolaM, StojanovaV, MedlinF, VingerhoetsF, et al.Interobserver agreement and validity of bedside ‘positive signs’ for functional weakness, sensory and gait disorders in conversion disorder: a pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(4):425–30.
doi:.
13StoneJ, WarlowC, SharpeM. The symptom of functional weakness: a controlled study of 107 patients. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 5):1537–51. doi:.
14StoneJ, CarsonA, DuncanR, RobertsR, WarlowC, HibberdC, et al.Who is referred to neurology clinics?--the diagnoses made in 3781 new patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112(9):747–51. doi:.
15AndersonKE, Gruber-BaldiniAL, VaughanCG, ReichSG, FishmanPS, WeinerWJ, et al.Impact of psychogenic movement disorders versus Parkinson’s on disability, quality of life, and psychopathology. Mov Disord. 2007;22(15):2204–9. doi:.
16EdwardsMJ, BhatiaKP. Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: merging mind and brain. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(3):250–60. doi:.
17VuilleumierP. Hysterical conversion and brain function. Prog Brain Res. 2005;150:309–29. doi:.
18CojanY, VuilleumierP. Functional brain imaging of psychogenic paralysis during conversion and hypnosis. In: Hallett M, Cloninger CR, Fahn S, Halligan P, Jankovic J, Lang AE, Voon V, eds. Psychogenic movement disorders and other conversion disorders. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
19VuilleumierP. Brain circuits implicated in psychogenic paralysis in conversion disorders and hypnosis. Neurophysiol Clin. 2014;44(4):
323–37. doi:.
20VoonV. Functional neurological disorders: imaging. Neurophysiol Clin. 2014;44(4):339–42. doi:.
21AybekS, NicholsonTR, ZelayaF, O’DalyOG, CraigTJ, DavidAS, et al.Neural correlates of recall of life events in conversion disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(1):52–60. doi:.
22BrownLB, NicholsonTR, AybekS, KanaanRA, DavidAS. Neuropsychological function and memory suppression in conversion disorder. J Neuropsychol. 2014;8(2):171–85. doi:.
23RuddyR, HouseA. Psychosocial interventions for conversion disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD005331.
24StamelouM, EdwardsMJ, EspayAJ, FungVS, HallettM, LangAE, et al.Movement disorders on YouTube-caveat spectator. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(12):1160–1. doi:.
25Schönfeldt-LecuonaC, LefaucheurJP, LeppingP, LiepertJ, ConnemannBJ, SartoriusA, et al.Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Conversion (Functional) Weakness and Paralysis: A Systematic Review and Future Perspectives. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:140. doi:.
26RicciardiL, EdwardsMJ. Treatment of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2014;11(1):201–7. doi:.
27NielsenG, StoneJ, EdwardsMJ. Physiotherapy for functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2013;75(2):93–102. doi:.
28EdwardsMJ, StoneJ, NielsenG. Physiotherapists and patients with functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: a survey of attitudes and interest. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(6):655–8. doi:.
29NielsenG, StoneJ, MatthewsA, BrownM, SparkesC, FarmerR, et al.Physiotherapy for functional motor disorders: a consensus recommendation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(10):1113–9. doi:.
30JordbruAA, SmedstadLM, KlungsøyrO, MartinsenEW. Psychogenic gait disorder: a randomized controlled trial of physical rehabilitation with one-year follow-up. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46(2):181–7. doi:.
31MatthewsA, BrownM, StoneJ. Inpatient Physiotherapy for Functional (Psychogenic) Gait Disorder: A Case Series of 35 Patients. Mov Disord Clin Pract (Hoboken). 2016;n/a. doi:.
32NielsenG, RicciardiL, DemartiniB, HunterR, JoyceE, EdwardsMJ. Outcomes of a 5-day physiotherapy programme for functional (psychogenic) motor disorders. J Neurol. 2015;262(3):674–81. doi:.
33McCormackR, MoriartyJ, MellersJD, ShotboltP, PastenaR, LandesN, et al.Specialist inpatient treatment for severe motor conversion disorder: a retrospective comparative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(8):895–900. doi:.
34ThomasM, VuongKD, JankovicJ. Long-term prognosis of patients with psychogenic movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2006;12(6):382–7. doi:.
35CzarneckiK, ThompsonJM, SeimeR, GedaYE, DuffyJR, AhlskogJE. Functional movement disorders: successful treatment with a physical therapy rehabilitation protocol. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18(3):247–51. doi:.
36DallocchioC, ArbasinoC, KlersyC, MarchioniE. The effects of physical activity on psychogenic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2010;25(4):421–5. doi:.
37MartlewJ, PulmanJ, MarsonAG. Psychological and behavioural treatments for adults with non-epileptic attack disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2):CD006370.
38GoldsteinLH, ChalderT, ChigwedereC, KhondokerMR, MoriartyJ, TooneBK, et al.Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a pilot RCT. Neurology. 2010;74(24):1986–94. doi:.
39LaFranceWC, Jr, MillerIW, RyanCE, BlumAS, SolomonDA, KelleyJE, et al.Cognitive behavioral therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14(4):591–6. doi:.
40KompolitiK, WilsonB, StebbinsG, BernardB, HinsonV. Immediate vs. delayed treatment of psychogenic movement disorders with short term psychodynamic psychotherapy: randomized clinical trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(1):60–3. doi:.
41ConwillM, OakleyL, EvansK, CavannaAE. CBT-based group therapy intervention for nonepileptic attacks and other functional neurological symptoms: a pilot study. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;34:68–72. doi:.
42KoelenJA, HoutveenJH, AbbassA, LuytenP, Eurelings-BontekoeEH, Van Broeckhuysen-KlothSA, et al.Effectiveness of psychotherapy for severe somatoform disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204(1):12–9. doi:.
43HoppJL, LaFranceWC, Jr. Cognitive behavioral therapy for psychogenic neurological disorders. Neurologist. 2012;18(6):364–72. doi:.
44HinsonVK, WeinsteinS, BernardB, LeurgansSE, GoetzCG. Single-blind clinical trial of psychotherapy for treatment of psychogenic movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2006;12(3):177–80. doi:.
45BullockKD, MirzaN, ForteC, TrockelM. Group Dialectical-Behavior Therapy Skills Training for Conversion Disorder With Seizures. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;27(3):240–3. doi:.
46ChenDK, MaheshwariA, FranksR, TrolleyGC, RobinsonJS, HrachovyRA. Brief group psychoeducation for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a neurologist-initiated program in an epilepsy center. Epilepsia. 2014;55(1):156–66. doi:.
47SharpeM, WalkerJ, WilliamsC, StoneJ, CavanaghJ, MurrayG, et al.Guided self-help for functional (psychogenic) symptoms: a randomized controlled efficacy trial. Neurology. 2011;77(6):564–72. doi:.
48HubschmidM, AybekS, MaccaferriGE, ChocronO, GholamrezaeeMM, RossettiAO, et al.Efficacy of brief interdisciplinary psychotherapeutic intervention for motor conversion disorder and nonepileptic attacks. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2015;37(5):448–55. doi:.
49GelauffJM, DreissenYE, TijssenMA, StoneJ. Treatment of functional motor disorders. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2014;16(4):286. doi:.
50DemartiniB, BatlaA, PetrochilosP, FisherL, EdwardsMJ, JoyceE. Multidisciplinary treatment for functional neurological symptoms: a prospective study. J Neurol. 2014;261(12):2370–7. doi:.
51CottencinO. Conversion disorders: psychiatric and psychotherapeutic aspects. Neurophysiol Clin. 2014;44(4):405–10. doi:.
52AybekS, HubschmidM, MossingerC, BerneyA, VingerhoetsF. Early intervention for conversion disorder: neurologists and psychiatrists working together. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2013;25(1):52–6. doi:.
53SaifeeTA, KassavetisP, PareésI, KojovicM, FisherL, MortonL, et al.Inpatient treatment of functional motor symptoms: a long-term follow-up study. J Neurol. 2012;259(9):1958–63. doi:.
54KranickSM, GorrindoT, HallettM. Psychogenic movement disorders and motor conversion: a roadmap for collaboration between neurology and psychiatry. Psychosomatics. 2011;52(2):109–16. doi:.
55CojanY, WaberL, SchwartzS, RossierL, ForsterA, VuilleumierP. The brain under self-control: modulation of inhibitory and monitoring cortical networks during hypnotic paralysis. Neuron. 2009;62(6):862–75. doi:.
56MoeneFC, SpinhovenP, HoogduinKA, van DyckR. A randomised controlled clinical trial on the additional effect of hypnosis in a comprehensive treatment programme for in-patients with conversion disorder of the motor type. Psychother Psychosom. 2002;71(2):66–76. doi:.
57KleinstäuberM, WitthöftM, SteffanowskiA, van MarwijkH, HillerW, LambertMJ. Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(11):CD010628.
58OtoM, EspieCA, DuncanR. An exploratory randomized controlled trial of immediate versus delayed withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic attacks (PNEAs). Epilepsia. 2010;51(10):1994–9. doi:.
59VoonV, LangAE. Antidepressant treatment outcomes of psychogenic movement disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(12):1529–34. doi:.
60LaFranceWC, Jr, KeitnerGI, PapandonatosGD, BlumAS, MachanJT, RyanCE, et al.Pilot pharmacologic randomized controlled trial for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Neurology. 2010;75(13):1166–73. doi:.
61StoneJ, HoeritzauerI, BrownK, CarsonA. Therapeutic sedation for functional (psychogenic) neurological symptoms. J Psychosom Res. 2014;76(2):165–8. doi:.
62McWhirterL, CarsonA, StoneJ. The body electric: a long view of electrical therapy for functional neurological disorders. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 4):1113–20. doi:.
63BroersmaM, KoopsEA, VroomenPC, Van der HoevenJH, AlemanA, LeendersKL, et al.Can repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increase muscle strength in functional neurological paresis? A proof-of-principle study. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(5):866–73. doi:.
64GarcinB, RozeE, MesratiF, CognatE, FournierE, VidailhetM, et al.Transcranial magnetic stimulation as an efficient treatment for psychogenic movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(9):1043–6. doi:.
65PollakTA, NicholsonTR, EdwardsMJ, DavidAS. A systematic review of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of functional (conversion) neurological symptoms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(2):191–7. doi:.
66WojteckiL, GroissS, ScherfeldD, AlbrechtP, PollokB, ElbenS, et al.Transient improvement of psychogenic (proprio-)spinal-like myoclonus to electrical nerve stimulation. Mov Disord. 2009;24(13):2024–5. doi:.
67FerraraJ, StameyW, StruttAM, AdamOR, JankovicJ. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) for psychogenic movement disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011;23(2):141–8. doi:.